Article 19

Article 19 — Six freedoms

Article 19(1) guarantees six freedoms to citizens. Each freedom has reasonable restrictions under clauses (2)–(6).

The six

1. Speech and expression
2. Assemble peaceably without arms
3. Form associations / unions / co-operative societies
4. Move freely throughout India
5. Reside and settle in any part of India
6. Practise any profession, or carry on any occupation, trade or business

Reasonable restrictions

• Grounds differ per freedom (sovereignty, public order, morality, interest of general public, etc.)
• Restrictions must be reasonable — courts test proportionality and nexus

PYQ focus

• Citizens-only vs persons (compare Art. 14/21)
• Property right status after 44th Amendment
• Grounds of restriction for speech vs trade

Summary

Memorise the six + “citizens only” + property history. Restriction grounds are classic Prelims bait.